11 — Computer Science in Society Free Online FlashCards

What does confidentiality mean in the CIA triad?

Confidentiality limits information access to authorized people or systems.

How do authentication and authorization differ?

Authentication establishes identity; authorization determines what an authenticated user may do.

What is the principle of least privilege?

Least privilege gives users and programs only the access necessary for their tasks.

What are the six NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 functions?

The NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 functions are Govern, Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover.

What is data minimization?

Data minimization means collecting only the information necessary for a stated purpose.

How are security and privacy different?

Security prevents unauthorized access or damage, while privacy concerns appropriate control and use of personal information.

What does software correctness mean?

Correctness means that software behavior satisfies its specified requirements for relevant inputs and conditions.

Why can passing tests fail to prove defect-free software?

Passing tests does not prove that software has no defects because tests examine selected cases, leaving other inputs or interactions untested.

What is software reliability?

Reliability is the ability of software to perform its intended function consistently under specified conditions over time.

How can computing systems produce biased outcomes?

Bias can result from unrepresentative data, historical inequalities, subjective labels, proxy features, unequal errors, or mismatched deployment contexts.

How should a system be evaluated for unequal outcomes?

Fairness evaluation should measure performance separately for relevant groups and test for disparate error rates and harmful outcomes.

What are the four WCAG 2.2 accessibility principles?

WCAG 2.2 organizes accessibility around Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, and Robust principles.