10 Building C++ Programs Free Online FlashCards

What four parts commonly organize a beginner C++ program?

Headers and declarations, data types and classes, functions, and main. These parts separate required facilities, data representation, operations, and program coordination.

Why should a function usually perform one clear operation?

A function should normally perform one clear operation, making it easier to understand, reuse, and test.

Which indices are valid for int values[5]?

The valid indices are 0 through 4. Built-in C++ array indexing begins at zero.

What happens when code accesses an array outside its bounds?

It causes undefined behavior. The program may appear to work, produce incorrect results, or fail unpredictably.

When should you use indexed versus range-based loops?

Use an indexed loop when the position matters; use a range-based for loop when only each element is needed.

What do the C++ pointer operators & and * do?

The address-of operator & obtains an address, while the dereference operator * accesses the object at that address.

How should code handle a possibly null pointer?

Check that the pointer is not nullptr before dereferencing it. Dereferencing a null pointer is invalid.

What does const after a member function mean?

It promises that the member function does not modify the object. For example, int getValue() const is a read-only operation.

What is encapsulation in object-oriented C++?

Encapsulation groups data and operations while controlling access to the data's representation.

Why pass an array's size to a function?

The function does not automatically know the array's element count, so the caller must pass the size separately or use a size-aware type.

How does C++ access a member through a pointer?

The -> operator accesses a member through a pointer, such as winner->getScore().

What does assert do when its condition is false?

It checks an assumption during development; if the condition is false, it reports a diagnostic and terminates the program. Defining NDEBUG disables ordinary assertions.