6 The Crusades and Europe’s Wider Connections Free Online FlashCards

Why did Byzantine emperor Alexios I seek western military help in 1095?

Seljuk Turks had taken Byzantine territory in Anatolia, prompting Alexios I to seek military help from western Europe.

What spiritual benefits did the Church associate with crusading?

The Church presented crusading as penance and offered spiritual benefits to those who took the cross.

What happened when crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099?

Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099, killing many of the city’s inhabitants.

What prompted the Second Crusade, and what was its outcome?

The fall of Edessa to Muslim forces in 1144 prompted the campaign. It failed to recover Edessa, and an attack on Damascus ended in defeat.

What did the Third Crusade achieve regarding Jerusalem?

After Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, crusaders regained some coastal territory but not the city. An agreement allowed Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem.

How was the Fourth Crusade diverted from its intended destination?

Financial and political disputes diverted it. Crusaders attacked the Christian city of Zara before capturing and sacking Constantinople in 1204.

What were two major consequences of the 1204 sack of Constantinople?

The sack gravely weakened the Byzantine Empire and deepened hostility between western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Christians.

What event ended the main crusader states on the Levantine coast?

Mamluk forces captured Acre, the principal remaining crusader stronghold on the Levantine coast, in 1291.

How did Italian maritime cities benefit from Mediterranean crusading activity?

Venice, Genoa, and Pisa carried people and supplies across the Mediterranean and gained commercial opportunities.

What violence did crusaders inflict on Jewish communities in the Rhineland?

During the First Crusade, crusaders massacred Jewish communities in parts of the Rhineland.

Where else was the crusading idea applied beyond the eastern Mediterranean?

The crusading idea was also applied to campaigns in Iberia and the Baltic, linking religious authority with warfare and political expansion beyond Jerusalem.

What did Pope Urban II call for at the Council of Clermont?

At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II called on western Christians to aid eastern Christians and gain control of sacred places, especially Jerusalem.