2 Norms and Social Expectations

How norms guide behavior

Norms are shared rules and expectations that guide behavior in a group or society. They indicate what people generally do, what others expect them to do, and what behavior is considered appropriate in a particular situation. By making social life more predictable, norms help people coordinate everyday interactions: people usually take turns in conversation and wait in line rather than pushing ahead.

Norms are learned through socialization: people may be taught them directly, observe others, or notice how people respond to behavior. Norms can differ across communities and situations, and they can change over time. A behavior considered polite in one setting may be inappropriate in another.

Rules, expectations, and values

Some norms are clearly stated rules, while others are unwritten expectations. A school’s academic-integrity policy is an explicit rule; saying “thank you” after receiving help is often an unwritten expectation. Both can shape behavior, but the consequences for breaking them may differ.

Values and norms are related but distinct. Values are broad ideals a group considers important, while norms are behavioral expectations that express or support those ideals. For example, valuing safety can support rules about wearing seat belts.

Formal and informal norms

Formal norms are officially established rules, often written down and enforced by an organization or authority. Laws, workplace policies, and school codes of conduct are examples. Violations may lead to official consequences such as a fine, suspension, or dismissal.

Informal norms are generally unwritten expectations learned through everyday interaction. Examples include using an appropriate speaking volume in a library, greeting acquaintances, and taking turns in conversation. They are often enforced through social reactions rather than official procedures.

The distinction between formal norms and informal norms concerns how a norm is established and enforced, not simply how important it is. Some informal expectations matter deeply to a group, while enforcement of formal rules can vary.

Sanctions and social control

A sanction is a response that encourages conformity to a norm or discourages its violation. Sanctions may be positive or negative, and they may be formal or informal.

• Positive informal: A friend thanks someone for helping.

• Negative informal: Someone gives a disapproving look or criticizes another person.

• Positive formal: An official award or promotion.

• Negative formal: A fine or suspension.

Sanctions are a form of social control. They do not have to be severe: praise, approval, embarrassment, or exclusion can all influence behavior.

For example, someone who talks loudly during a quiet performance may receive looks or a request to be quiet; these are informal sanctions. Someone who violates a venue’s written safety policy may be formally removed. The same situation can involve both kinds of expectations and consequences.