2 Transmission-Based Precautions
Learn when and how to use route-specific infection-control precautions alongside universal measures, including PPE, room placement, and transport considerations.
When to add precautions
Use when alone may not prevent spread. Apply them for suspected as well as confirmed infections, and always use them in addition to , including hand hygiene and PPE appropriate to the task. An infection may require more than one category.
Match precautions to the route
address spread through direct contact with a patient or indirect contact with contaminated equipment or surroundings. Use a gown and gloves for interactions that may involve contact with the patient or their environment. Examples include C. difficile infection and some situations involving multidrug-resistant organisms.
address pathogens spread through respiratory droplets, such as droplets produced when a patient coughs, sneezes, or talks. Wear a mask when entering the patient’s room or care space. If medically necessary transport is needed, have the patient wear a mask if possible. Influenza and pertussis are examples.
address pathogens that can remain infectious in the air over distance. Use an airborne infection isolation room () and a fit-tested NIOSH-approved N95 respirator or higher-level respirator. Examples include tuberculosis, measles, and chickenpox. Chickenpox requires with as well, in addition to .
Start early and reassess
Begin appropriate precautions based on the patient’s symptoms and likely infection while evaluation is underway; do not wait for testing to be complete. Reassess and adjust precautions when more information becomes available. Follow facility policy and infection-prevention guidance for placement, PPE, and transport.
Keep universal measures in place
apply to every patient and continue alongside any indicated . The additional measures address particular routes of spread rather than replacing universal precautions. For example, suspected pulmonary tuberculosis calls for plus , including an and a fit-tested respirator for healthcare personnel.