6 Complications of Renal Dysfunction Practice Questions Free Online FlashCards

How can impaired kidney excretion cause edema and lung crackles?

Reduced kidney excretion can retain sodium and water, expanding extracellular fluid and contributing to edema, hypertension, and pulmonary congestion.

What can explain low serum sodium in a patient with edema?

Excess water relative to sodium can lower measured serum sodium. A low serum sodium alone does not prove that total-body sodium is low.

Which ECG finding is classically associated with hyperkalemia?

Peaked T waves are classically associated with hyperkalemia.

With pH $7.29$, bicarbonate $16$ mmol/L, and $\mathrm{PaCO_2}$ $32$ mm Hg, what is the primary disorder?

A pH of $7.29$ indicates acidemia; low bicarbonate identifies a primary metabolic process. The low $\mathrm{PaCO_2}$ is consistent with respiratory compensation.

How can chronic kidney disease contribute to metabolic acidosis?

Reduced kidney acid excretion and bicarbonate production can contribute to metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease.

What mineral and hormone pattern can develop as chronic kidney disease advances?

Impaired phosphate handling and reduced vitamin D activation are associated with higher phosphate, lower calcitriol, and increased parathyroid hormone.

What kidney-related change can contribute directly to anemia in CKD?

Damaged kidneys may produce less erythropoietin, reducing the signal that prompts bone marrow to make red blood cells.

What symptoms may occur with waste buildup in advanced kidney failure?

Symptoms can include nausea, reduced appetite, itching, and difficulty concentrating.

What can impaired phosphate handling and vitamin D activation contribute to?

Impaired phosphate handling and reduced vitamin D activation contribute to secondary hyperparathyroidism and CKD–mineral and bone disorder.

What does erythropoietin signal the bone marrow to do?

Erythropoietin signals the bone marrow to make red blood cells.

Besides reduced erythropoietin, what should be considered when evaluating CKD anemia?

Iron deficiency and other causes should also be considered when evaluating anemia in chronic kidney disease.

What can happen to waste products and fluid in advanced kidney failure?

Advanced kidney failure can cause waste products and fluid to build up in the body.