Study 8 Crime Prevention and Justice Reform with 12 free online flashcards. Review key terms, definitions, and concepts with this interactive flashcard deck.
What distinguishes community, institutional, and policy approaches to crime prevention?
Community approaches build local capacity and address immediate risks; institutional approaches change how justice-related organizations operate; policy approaches shape wider social and legal conditions.
Why are arrest counts an incomplete measure of crime?
Arrest counts can rise because enforcement increased, not because crime did. A decline in arrests alone also does not prove that harm has fallen.
What does a public-health approach consider in preventing community violence?
A public-health approach addresses risks and protective conditions, including economic insecurity, unequal access to education, and exposure to violence.
What contrasting outcomes appeared in Denver’s Gang Reduction Initiative evaluation?
It found that participants assigned to the intervention were nearly 70 percent less likely to perpetrate violence, though they were more likely to identify as gang members.
What is hot-spots policing?
Hot-spots policing focuses attention on small places where crime is repeatedly recorded.
What did a review find about hot-spots policing outcomes?
A review found statistically significant crime reductions, including for violent crime. Benefits were generally not offset by displacement and sometimes spread to nearby areas.
What conclusion did a 2023 review reach about police stops?
A 2023 systematic review found some favorable place-based effects but also negative individual-level effects; it judged the evidence insufficient to recommend stops over alternatives.
What does the reviewed evidence suggest about CBT for adults at moderate or high risk?
Across 32 studies, CBT programs for moderate- and high-risk adults were associated with reduced offending. Appropriate targeting and trained delivery remain important.
Why is the evidence for reentry programs described as mixed?
Reentry programs show promise, but findings are not uniform: one meta-analysis found reduced recidivism, while a review limited to randomized trials among adult men found no statistically significant effect.
How can economic-security and education policies relate to crime prevention?
Policies that strengthen household economic security or support education address upstream risk; their effects on crime may be indirect and should be measured alongside broader social outcomes.
What did a National Academies review conclude about expanded incarceration?
A National Academies review found no clear evidence that the major historical expansion of U.S. incarceration substantially reduced crime, and noted harms to individuals, families, and communities.
What competing considerations shape sentencing policy?
Sentencing must balance incapacitation, deterrence, proportionality, and imprisonment’s harms. Alternatives may suit eligible cases, while serious offenses may require secure custody to protect the public.
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