Constitutions, Decentralization, and Electoral Systems Free Online FlashCards

What defines a unitary system?

A unitary system places ultimate constitutional authority in the national government, which generally grants, defines, or alters subnational powers.

What defines a federal system?

A federal system constitutionally divides authority between national and subnational governments, with powers protected at both levels.

Does unitary always mean centralized?

No. A unitary system can be highly decentralized, and a federal system can be highly centralized. Constitutional structure and political practice are separate questions.

What is deconcentration?

Deconcentration places national officials or agencies in local areas while the national government retains control.

Why is the United Kingdom unitary but devolved?

The United Kingdom is unitary but has asymmetric devolution: Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland exercise different powers originating in UK legislation.

How does first-past-the-post work?

Under first-past-the-post, each district elects one representative, and the candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority.

What is proportional representation?

Proportional representation allocates legislative seats in approximate proportion to parties’ vote shares, usually through multi-member districts or party lists.

How does single transferable vote operate?

In single transferable vote, voters rank candidates in multi-member districts; votes transfer as candidates reach thresholds or are eliminated.

What combines district representation with proportionality?

A mixed electoral system combines district-based representatives with proportional representation, often using separate votes for a local candidate and a party list.

What is the Electoral College victory threshold?

The Electoral College has 538 electors, and a presidential candidate needs 270 electoral votes to win.

How are U.S. Electoral College electors allocated?

Each U.S. state receives electors equal to its total number of senators and representatives. Most states use winner-take-all allocation.

How does India use different electoral systems?

India uses first-past-the-post for Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly elections, but proportional representation by single transferable vote for some indirect elections.