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2 Sampling Strategies in Archaeological Survey Online Quiz Questions

Use this free practice quiz with 20 questions to review 2 Sampling Strategies in Archaeological Survey, test your knowledge, and prepare for your next test or exam.

20 questions
01
Choose one
1 point

A team selects grid cells from a mapped region, walks transects within each selected cell, and records artifacts at smaller scales. Which statement correctly distinguishes the sampling unit from the sampling frame?

  1. A

    The sampling unit is the study boundary; the sampling frame is the set of artifacts recorded.

  2. B

    The sampling unit is the spatial element selected for observation; the sampling frame is the defined set of units from which the sample is selected.

  3. C

    The sampling unit is the survey method; the sampling frame is the area actually walked.

  4. D

    The sampling unit is an artifact category; the sampling frame is the set of observations collected.

02
Choose one
1 point

A survey team plans to walk transects at regular intervals, beginning from a randomized starting point. What is a potential limitation of this design?

  1. A

    A regular survey pattern may coincide with repeating patterns in the archaeological record.

  2. B

    Systematic sampling cannot use a randomized starting point.

  3. C

    Systematic sampling guarantees that every buried artifact will be detected.

  4. D

    Systematic sampling always gives every unit a different selection probability.

03
Choose one
1 point

A project samples one landform more heavily than another to investigate a landform-focused question. If it also wants to estimate results for the whole study area, what should it do?

  1. A

    The design must be abandoned because every stratum must have the same sample size.

  2. B

    The raw combined find count automatically estimates the whole area without adjustment.

  3. C

    The unequal sampling fractions should be reported, and appropriate weighting is needed for overall estimates.

  4. D

    The frame should be redefined to include only the stratum sampled more intensively.

04
Choose one
1 point

A team deliberately surveys places that a predictive model identifies as promising, but does not select units probabilistically. Which conclusion is best supported?

  1. A

    It can estimate frequency across the entire region because it visited promising places.

  2. B

    It can estimate the frequency of sites in omitted areas if the surveyed sites are numerous.

  3. C

    It can estimate regional frequency as long as the field team records its travel route.

  4. D

    It can identify promising locations, but ordinarily cannot estimate regional site frequency without additional assumptions or a probability-based design.

05
Choose all
1 point

Which two records would help later researchers distinguish an area that was not examined from one examined under poor visibility? Select all correct answers.

  1. A

    Areas not surveyed and reasons for their exclusion

  2. B

    Only the locations where artifacts were found

  3. C

    Ground visibility and land cover

  4. D

    A list of conclusions without field conditions

06
Choose all
1 point

Which two statements correctly describe limits on conclusions from archaeological survey designs? Select all correct answers.

  1. A

    A probability sample automatically represents every landform, whether included in the frame or not.

  2. B

    A probability sample with a defined frame and documented selection probabilities can support estimates about that frame, subject to sampling error and imperfect detection.

  3. C

    Full-coverage pedestrian survey guarantees that buried remains are detected.

  4. D

    A probability sample alone does not justify claims about omitted areas or unrecorded material classes.

07
True or false
1 point

A team completes pedestrian transects across the entire defined study area. This guarantees that every buried site and artifact in the area will be detected.

  1. A

    True

  2. B

    False

08
True or false
1 point

A purposive survey can be useful for discovering promising locations, while ordinarily being unsuitable for estimating regional site frequency without additional assumptions or a probability-based design.

  1. A

    True

  2. B

    False

09
True or false
1 point

If a probability sample has known selection probabilities, its estimates automatically apply to landforms that were excluded from the sampling frame.

  1. A

    True

  2. B

    False

10
Written response
1 point

What is the name for the defined set of units from which a sample is selected, such as all grid cells within a mapped study boundary?

11
Written response
1 point

A terrace covers 6060 hectares, and a proportional design samples 10%10\% of it. How many hectares of terrace are sampled? Enter the value in hectares.

12
Open ended
1 point

A survey used a probability sample with a defined frame, but some areas were omitted and detection varied with ground visibility. Explain what kinds of conclusions the survey can support and identify at least two limits on broader inference.

13
Choose one
1 point

A project needs to locate archaeological resources within a planned construction corridor. Which initial design decision best connects the research goal to defensible survey conclusions?

  1. A

    Select only locations already known to contain artifacts, then generalize to the full corridor.

  2. B

    Define the corridor study boundary and sampling units first, then select units using a strategy suited to the research question.

  3. C

    Walk the easiest ground and treat it as a representative sample of the corridor.

  4. D

    Choose units after seeing where artifacts are most visible, without recording the change.

14
Choose one
1 point

A survey team selects grid cells, walks transects inside each selected cell, and records artifacts encountered along the way. What is the sampling unit?

  1. A

    A transect

  2. B

    A grid cell

  3. C

    An artifact observation

  4. D

    A site boundary

15
Written response
1 point

What is the term for the defined set of units from which a sample is selected?

16
Choose one
1 point

A researcher wants to estimate site frequency for a defined study area. Which design best supports that goal, assuming the researcher also accounts for sampling error and imperfect detection?

  1. A

    Survey only places considered promising, then estimate the frequency for the whole region.

  2. B

    Survey every accessible place and assume all archaeological materials were detected.

  3. C

    Select units probabilistically from a defined frame and document their selection probabilities.

  4. D

    Choose units for convenience and treat them as representative of the study area.

17
Choose one
1 point

A team uses regularly spaced transects with a randomized starting point. What design-related risk should it consider when interpreting the results?

  1. A

    Units are selected only from areas with known sites, so selection probabilities are unknown.

  2. B

    Regularly spaced transects may interact with a repeating spatial pattern in the archaeological record.

  3. C

    Nearby units are always similar, making the design more precise than any other approach.

  4. D

    A regular interval automatically ensures equal detection in every unit.

18
Written response
1 point

A terrace covers 6060 hectares. A design selects 10%10\% of the terrace. How many hectares of terrace will be surveyed? Enter the value in hectares.

19
Fill in the blank
1 point

A survey team walks two areas using the same method, but dense vegetation in one area makes artifacts harder to notice. The difference in the chance of observing materials is a difference in .

20
Fill in the blank
1 point

A project selects several blocks of land first and then samples units inside each selected block. This cluster or multistage design selects before individual units; the reduced travel cost may come with an effect on estimate because nearby observations can be similar.