3 Fluid and Electrolyte Management Online Quiz Questions

A patient has had several days of vomiting and now has dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, and orthostatic dizziness. Which fluid-balance problem best explains these findings?

A patient with heart failure has edema, breathlessness, and a low serum sodium concentration. Which interpretation best explains why the low concentration does not prove that total-body sodium is low?

A patient develops alkalosis. What effect can this have on ionized calcium?

A patient with kidney disease has a high potassium result from a hemolyzed blood sample. Select all appropriate considerations or assessments if hyperkalemia remains plausible.

Which complications can prompt urgent dialysis consideration when they cannot be safely controlled by other treatment? Select all that apply.

True or false: A low serum sodium concentration always means that total-body sodium is low.

True or false: In hyperkalemia, shifting potassium into cells removes total-body potassium.

A patient's low potassium is not improving as expected with treatment. Which additional electrolyte should be checked because its deficiency can make hypokalemia difficult to correct?

A patient's results are sodium $140$ mmol/L, chloride $104$ mmol/L, and bicarbonate $18$ mmol/L. Calculate the anion gap using $AG = Na^+ - (Cl^- + HCO_3^-)$. Enter the value in mmol/L.

A blood gas shows pH $7.28$, bicarbonate $14$ mmol/L, and $PaCO_2 = 30$ mm Hg. Identify the primary acid–base disorder and use Winter's formula, $expected\ PaCO_2 = 1.5 \times HCO_3^- + 8 \pm 2$ mm Hg, to determine whether respiratory compensation is within the expected range.

A patient has hypernatremia. Which statement best describes the usual underlying imbalance and a general management principle?

A patient has had several days of vomiting and now has dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, and orthostatic dizziness. Which fluid-balance problem is most likely, and which additional assessment is useful for judging its severity?

A patient with confusion and thirst has a serum sodium of 151 mmol/L. Which interpretation and general management approach best fit this finding?

A patient develops alkalosis and tingling. Which change in calcium helps explain why alkalosis can cause symptoms of low calcium?

A patient’s low potassium does not improve as expected with treatment. Which additional electrolyte should be checked, and why?

Overly rapid correction of hyponatremia can cause osmotic demyelination.

A person receiving peritoneal dialysis reports abdominal pain and has cloudy drainage. What complication is concerning?

Using Winter’s formula, calculate the central expected $PaCO_2$ before applying the $\pm 2$ mm Hg range when $HCO_3^- = 14$ mmol/L. Enter the value in mm Hg.