6 Gender, Work, and the Economy Free Online FlashCards

What does work include beyond paid employment?

Work includes paid employment and unpaid activities, such as cooking, cleaning, and caring for children or relatives, that sustain households and make paid work possible.

Why can unpaid labor be overlooked in economic measures?

Unpaid work is often left out of conventional measures of economic output, which can obscure its contribution even though economies depend on it.

What share of unpaid care-work hours do women perform worldwide, according to the ILO?

The ILO estimates that women perform 76.2% of total unpaid care-work hours worldwide.

What is occupational segregation?

Occupational segregation is the unequal distribution of groups across jobs or fields.

What does horizontal segregation describe?

Horizontal segregation is the concentration of different groups in different kinds of occupations, such as women in education and health care and men in construction or engineering.

What does the gender pay gap not establish by itself?

The gender pay gap summarizes earnings differences between groups; by itself, it does not measure unequal pay for the same work.

What kinds of tasks are included in care work?

Care work includes direct care, such as feeding or assisting someone, and supporting tasks, such as cooking, cleaning, and arranging appointments.

How can a larger share of unpaid care affect paid work?

Taking on more unpaid care can leave a person with less time for paid hours, overtime, travel, or training, affecting earnings and career progression.

What mismatch often characterizes paid care occupations?

Care occupations are essential, yet they are often low-paid or insecure relative to their social importance.

How did the growth of service economies change job demand?

The growth of service economies increased demand in fields such as health, education, retail, and hospitality.

What characterizes informal and precarious work?

Informal and precarious work has limited security, protections, or predictable income.

What factors do human-capital approaches examine?

Human-capital approaches examine how education, training, experience, and work interruptions relate to earnings and job placement.