02 Biological Foundations of Behavior Free Online FlashCards

What are the main roles of a neuron's dendrites, cell body, and axon?

Dendrites receive incoming signals, the cell body contains the nucleus, and the axon carries signals toward other cells.

What does myelin do for many axons?

Myelin insulates many axons and helps signals travel faster.

How do neurotransmitters affect a receiving cell at a chemical synapse?

At a chemical synapse, neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on a receiving cell. Their effects depend on the receptor and circuit involved.

What are two functions of glial cells?

Glial cells support neurons, help maintain their environment, and contribute to myelination and immune defense.

How do the central and peripheral nervous systems differ?

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system carries information between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

What do somatic and autonomic pathways regulate?

Somatic pathways relay sensory information and control skeletal muscles; autonomic pathways regulate organs and glands.

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions differ?

The sympathetic division helps mobilize the body during challenge; the parasympathetic division supports routine functions and recovery. They work together to regulate internal conditions.

How can the spinal cord produce a fast reflex?

The spinal cord relays signals and can organize fast reflexes without waiting for the brain to direct the response.

What vital function does the brainstem help regulate?

The brainstem helps regulate vital functions such as breathing.

How does the hypothalamus connect neural activity with the endocrine system?

The hypothalamus helps regulate basic drives and links neural activity with hormone release.

How do genotype and phenotype differ?

Genotype is a person's genetic makeup; phenotype is an observable characteristic shaped by genetic influences and environmental conditions.

How do genes and experience jointly influence complex behavior?

Many behavioral traits are influenced by many genetic variants and life experiences. Epigenetic processes can affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.