07 Motivation and Emotion Free Online FlashCards

What is motivation?

Motivation is the set of processes that energize and direct behavior toward a goal.

What does drive-reduction theory explain?

Drive-reduction theory explains some behavior as an effort to restore bodily balance, or homeostasis; hunger can motivate eating to meet the body's energy needs.

What does incentive motivation emphasize?

Incentive motivation emphasizes external rewards and consequences, such as studying to earn a scholarship or avoid a poor grade.

How do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differ?

Intrinsic motivation comes from an activity's inherent interest or satisfaction; extrinsic motivation comes from seeking an external outcome. One activity can involve both.

How do expectancy and self-efficacy support goal pursuit?

People are more likely to pursue goals when they expect their actions can succeed and believe they can carry them out.

What components can an emotion include?

An emotion can include subjective feeling, bodily arousal, cognitive appraisal, and expressive behavior.

How does a mood generally differ from an emotion?

A mood is generally longer-lasting and less clearly tied to a specific event than an emotion.

What does the James–Lange theory propose about emotion?

The James–Lange theory proposes that people experience emotion by perceiving bodily changes; noticing a racing heart and trembling may be experienced as fear.

How do primary and secondary appraisal differ in stress?

In primary appraisal, a person judges whether an event is threatening or challenging. In secondary appraisal, they consider what they can do about it.

How do the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis respond to stress?

The sympathetic nervous system helps prepare the body for action by increasing heart rate and breathing, tensing muscles, and releasing stress hormones. The HPA axis contributes a slower response that includes cortisol.

What health effects are associated with persistent stress?

Persistent stress is associated with problems such as sleep disruption, headaches, and digestive difficulties, but stress alone does not necessarily cause a particular illness.

How do problem-focused and emotion-focused coping differ?

Problem-focused coping attempts to change the stressor, such as by making a study schedule. Emotion-focused coping aims to manage the emotional response, such as by talking with someone trusted.