02 Political Ideologies and Nation-States Free Online FlashCards

What is nationalism?

Nationalism is the belief that people who understand themselves as a nation should have meaningful political voice and often a state of their own.

How do a nation and a state differ?

A state is a political organization governing a territory. A state may contain several national communities, while a nation may be divided among multiple states.

What different political goals could nationalism serve?

Nationalists might seek independence from an empire, unite smaller states, or strengthen loyalty to an existing state. Nationalism could also exclude minorities.

How did nationalism and liberalism converge in 1848?

The revolutions of 1848 brought together demands for constitutional government, civil liberties, and national independence or unity. Many uprisings were defeated, but their ideas continued to influence politics.

What political principles did liberalism emphasize?

Liberalism emphasized individual liberty, equality before the law, representative institutions, and limits on arbitrary government. Many liberals also supported constitutions and religious toleration.

What did the British Reform Act of 1832 change?

The Reform Act of 1832 changed parliamentary representation and extended the vote to some men, especially property-owning middle-class voters. Women remained excluded from parliamentary voting during the century.

How did British governments begin addressing social problems?

British legislation regulated some factory and mine conditions and expanded government involvement in welfare. Reforms often followed public pressure, and their effects were uneven.

What concerns helped inspire socialism?

Socialism developed in response to inequalities and insecurity associated with industrial capitalism. Many socialists wanted economic life to serve broader social needs and workers to have greater power and security.

What political message did Marx and Engels advance in the Communist Manifesto?

In the Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels described society through conflict between economic classes and called on workers to organize politically.

How did liberal and socialist views of economic power differ?

Liberals generally emphasized individual rights and, especially among classical liberals, private property and markets. Socialists more often stressed collective responsibilities and unequal power between owners and workers.

What does state-building mean?

State-building is the creation or strengthening of governing institutions, such as central administration, a common legal system, taxation, a national army, and public institutions.

What were the key stages of Italian unification?

The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861; Venetia joined in 1866, and Rome in 1870. The new state then faced the task of integrating regions through shared institutions.