03 Imperialism and Its Global Consequences Free Online FlashCards

What is imperialism?

Imperialism is the extension of a state’s power over other peoples and territories through political control, economic pressure, or military influence.

How does a colony differ from a protectorate or sphere of influence?

A colony is governed by an outside power. A protectorate or sphere of influence may retain local rulers but sharply limits their independence.

What economic and ideological forces encouraged European expansion?

Industrial powers sought raw materials, markets, and strategic routes. National rivalry and beliefs in racial hierarchy and a supposed “civilizing mission” also helped justify conquest.

How did new technology support European imperial expansion?

Steamships, railways, telegraphs, and modern weapons made it easier for European powers to project power overseas.

What was a key feature of the Berlin Conference of 1884–85?

At the 1884–85 Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on rules for recognizing claims in Africa; African peoples had no seat at the negotiations.

Which two African countries were notable exceptions to European rule by 1914?

By 1914, almost all of Africa was under European rule. Ethiopia and Liberia were notable exceptions.

How did British rule in India change after the uprising of 1857–58?

After the uprising of 1857–58, authority in India shifted from the East India Company to direct rule by the British Crown.

How did foreign powers often exert influence in China?

Foreign powers often imposed commercial privileges and concessions in China without annexing the whole country.

How did colonial administrations govern, and where did ultimate power lie?

Some administrations used European officials directly; others relied on local rulers or institutions. Imperial authorities still controlled key decisions such as taxation, land use, trade, and security.

What forms could resistance to colonial rule take?

Resistance included armed struggle and rebellions, as well as diplomacy, religious movements, labor organizing, political campaigns, and boycotts.

What was the result of the Battle of Adwa in 1896?

Ethiopia defeated an Italian invasion at the 1896 Battle of Adwa and preserved its independence.

How did colonial economies connect to global trade?

Colonial governments and companies often prioritized exports such as minerals and cash crops, along with access to labor and markets. These connections generally operated on unequal terms.