Study 07 Ideologies and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe with 12 free online flashcards. Review key terms, definitions, and concepts with this interactive flashcard deck.
What political principles did nineteenth-century liberalism emphasize?
Liberalism emphasized individual rights, constitutional government, elected representation, equality before the law, civil liberties, and protection of private property.
How was liberal political equality limited in practice?
Political rights were often restricted: voting commonly depended on property or wealth, and women were generally excluded from political participation.
What did nineteenth-century conservatives value?
Conservatives valued social order, established institutions, religion, monarchy, and continuity; they generally preferred gradual reform to sudden transformation.
What did Robert Owen propose, and what is this approach called?
Robert Owen proposed cooperative communities as a way to create a more cooperative and egalitarian society; such approaches are often called utopian socialism.
Which two classes did Marx and Engels identify in industrial society?
Marx and Engels argued that history was shaped by class conflict, particularly between the bourgeoisie, who owned factories and capital, and the proletariat, who sold their labor.
What political claim lies at the heart of nationalism?
Nationalism holds that people sharing a sense of national identity should have political autonomy or govern themselves.
How did nationalism and liberalism often overlap in the early nineteenth century?
In the early nineteenth century, nationalists often joined national self-government to liberal demands for constitutional government. The revolutions of 1848 showed the strength of these ambitions, though many uprisings were defeated.
What distinct roles did Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi play in Italian unification?
Mazzini promoted a united republic, while Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour pursued a monarchist path centered on Piedmont-Sardinia; Garibaldi led volunteer forces in the south.
What did Piedmont-Sardinia gain after the 1859 war against Austria?
In 1859, Piedmont-Sardinia and France defeated Austria, and Piedmont-Sardinia gained Lombardy.
When was the Kingdom of Italy proclaimed, and what later completed its territorial unification?
The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II as king. Venetia joined in 1866, and Rome was annexed in 1870.
What was the Zollverein, and when was it established?
The Zollverein was a customs union established by Prussia in 1834 that encouraged economic links among many German states.
Why did the Frankfurt assembly's attempt to unite Germany in 1848 fail?
The Frankfurt assembly's 1848 project failed when Prussian King Frederick William IV refused the crown offered to him.