11 Europe Since 1989 Free Online FlashCards

What drove the end of communist rule across Central and Eastern Europe in 1989?

Public demonstrations, opposition movements, and demands for political reform brought communist governments across Central and Eastern Europe from power.

What did the Maastricht Treaty establish?

The Maastricht Treaty formally established the European Union and set out plans for closer political and economic cooperation, including a future shared currency.

When did the euro become a financial currency, and when did cash enter circulation?

The euro became an accounting and financial currency in 1999; banknotes and coins entered circulation in 2002.

What conflicts followed Yugoslavia’s breakup in the 1990s?

The breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s led to wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, causing destruction, displacement, and atrocities.

What did the 2015 refugee arrivals reveal about EU governments?

The large refugee arrivals of 2015 exposed disagreements among EU governments over asylum and responsibility-sharing.

When did the United Kingdom vote to leave the EU, and when did it withdraw?

The United Kingdom voted to leave the EU in a 2016 referendum and formally withdrew on January 31, 2020.

When did Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine begin, and how did the EU respond?

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine began on February 24, 2022. The EU condemned the attack and imposed sanctions.

What were some consequences of market reforms in former communist states?

Market reforms created opportunities but also brought job losses, inequality, and hardship. Their effects varied across former communist states.

When did East Germany open the Berlin Wall?

East Germany opened the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989. The wall had symbolized Europe’s Cold War division.

How and when did Germany reunify?

Germany reunified on October 3, 1990, when the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany.

What happened to the Soviet Union in 1991?

The Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Czechoslovakia later separated peacefully into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993.

What forms of movement did the EU single market expand?

The EU single market expanded the movement of people, goods, services, and capital among participating states.