Study 09 The Civil Rights Movement with 12 free online flashcards. Review key terms, definitions, and concepts with this interactive flashcard deck.
What did Brown v. Board of Education rule about public schools?
In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, rejecting “separate but equal” in public education.
Why did Eisenhower send federal troops to Little Rock in 1957?
In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect nine Black students and enforce a federal court order after Arkansas officials obstructed their enrollment.
What did the Montgomery bus boycott achieve?
Montgomery activists organized the year-long boycott after Rosa Parks’s arrest in December 1955. A Supreme Court decision against bus segregation helped make it a landmark victory and brought Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence.
What organization did student sit-ins help spur in 1960?
Black college students began sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in 1960. The protests spread across the South and helped spur the creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
What did the Freedom Riders challenge in 1961?
Interracial Freedom Riders challenged segregation in interstate bus travel in 1961. After they faced violent attacks, federal authorities enforced desegregation rules for interstate transportation.
How did the Birmingham campaign increase pressure for federal action?
The 1963 Birmingham campaigns used marches, sit-ins, and boycotts. Images of police attacking demonstrators with dogs and high-pressure fire hoses intensified national pressure for federal action.
What goals did the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom promote?
More than 200,000 people joined the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963, calling for civil rights and economic opportunity.
What did Executive Order 9981 require in the armed forces?
President Harry S. Truman’s Executive Order 9981, issued in 1948, ordered equality of treatment and opportunity in the armed forces.
What agency did Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 establish?
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce workplace protections.
Name two areas addressed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited segregation in many public accommodations, discrimination in federally assisted programs, and employment discrimination. It also strengthened federal authority to address school desegregation.
Why was the Selma march of March 7, 1965, called “Bloody Sunday”?
On March 7, 1965, state troopers attacked peaceful voting-rights marchers in Selma. The brutality drew national attention and helped spur federal action.
What voting protections did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 introduce?
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited racial discrimination in voting, suspended literacy tests in covered jurisdictions, and authorized federal examiners and review of certain voting-rule changes. Black voter registration rose sharply.