1 Cardiovascular Pharmacology Foundations Free Online FlashCards

Why can lisinopril cause a persistent cough?

ACE inhibitors reduce angiotensin II formation and may cause a persistent cough or, rarely, angioedema. An ARB may be considered as an alternative by the prescriber.

What are key safety concerns with ACE inhibitors and ARBs?

ACE inhibitors and ARBs can raise potassium and affect kidney function; they are generally not combined. Renin–angiotensin system medicines can also be harmful during pregnancy.

What cardiovascular effects and risks are associated with beta-blockers?

Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and cardiac workload. They may cause bradycardia, low blood pressure, or conduction problems.

Which electrolytes can furosemide lower?

Loop diuretics such as furosemide increase sodium and water excretion and can lower potassium and magnesium.

What electrolyte and uric-acid changes can thiazide-type diuretics cause?

Thiazide-type diuretics can lower potassium and sodium and may raise uric acid.

Why can potassium supplements be risky with spironolactone and an ACE inhibitor?

Spironolactone reduces aldosterone’s effects and retains potassium. Combined with an ACE inhibitor, potassium supplements or salt substitutes may contribute to dangerous hyperkalemia.

Why may antiarrhythmic medicines require ECG monitoring?

Antiarrhythmics alter cardiac electrical activity and can sometimes cause a new or worsened rhythm problem, called proarrhythmia. Monitoring depends on the drug and patient risks.

Which organ systems can be affected by amiodarone toxicity?

Amiodarone can cause pulmonary, hepatic, thyroid, and cardiac toxicities, as well as drug interactions. New cough or shortness of breath warrants prompt clinical assessment.

Why can worsening kidney function increase digoxin toxicity risk?

Digoxin is cleared mainly by the kidneys, so impaired renal function can increase exposure and toxicity risk. Possible symptoms include gastrointestinal, neurologic, visual, and rhythm changes.

Why are nitrates and PDE-5 inhibitors unsafe to use together?

Nitroglycerin and PDE-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil can combine to cause severe hypotension, fainting, or ischemia; their concomitant use is contraindicated.

How do amlodipine and verapamil differ in their main cardiovascular effects?

Amlodipine mainly relaxes arteries and may cause ankle swelling. Verapamil can slow AV-node conduction and heart rate.

How can diuretics help relieve heart-failure congestion?

Diuretics increase fluid excretion and can relieve congestion from fluid retention. Their use requires attention to blood pressure, kidney function, and electrolytes.