14 Homeostasis and Interactions Between Organ Systems Free Online FlashCards

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the regulation of the body’s internal environment within ranges that support normal cell function.

What are the main parts of a negative-feedback process?

A receptor detects a change, a control center evaluates it, and effectors respond.

How does exercise change working muscles’ demands and output?

Working muscles use more oxygen and nutrients and produce more carbon dioxide, heat, and metabolic by-products.

What initiates the rapid fight-or-flight response to a perceived threat?

The nervous system activates the sympathetic fight-or-flight response. Signals to the adrenal medulla promote epinephrine and norepinephrine release.

What changes the temperature set point during some infections?

During some infections, immune signals cause the hypothalamus to raise the body’s temperature set point.

How does negative feedback affect the change it detects?

The response opposes the initial change, helping return a variable toward its usual range.

How does the respiratory system respond to exercise?

It increases ventilation, bringing more oxygen into the lungs and removing more carbon dioxide.

How does the cardiovascular system support active muscles?

It raises cardiac output and directs more blood to active muscles, delivering oxygen and fuel while carrying carbon dioxide away.

How does the integumentary system help during exercise?

Sweating and increased blood flow near the skin help release excess heat.

What role does the urinary system play during exercise?

It helps regulate water and electrolyte balance as fluid is lost in sweat.

What is the signaling sequence in the HPA axis?

The hypothalamus signals the pituitary, which signals the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

What is one role of cortisol in the stress response?

Cortisol helps coordinate longer-lasting changes in energy use and other body functions.