2 Medications for Type 2 Diabetes Free Online FlashCards

How does metformin primarily lower blood glucose?

Metformin mainly lowers glucose by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.

Why can skipping a meal cause hypoglycemia in someone taking glipizide?

The symptoms suggest hypoglycemia. Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin secretion, so missed or delayed meals can increase the risk of low blood glucose.

How do SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose?

They reduce glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, causing more glucose to be excreted in urine.

What are key effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

They enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppress glucagon, and slow gastric emptying. They often reduce appetite and body weight.

How should oral semaglutide be taken to support proper absorption?

Take it in the morning on an empty stomach with a small amount of plain water. Wait at least 30 minutes before eating, drinking anything else, or taking other oral medicines; swallow the tablet whole.

Should a DPP-4 inhibitor generally be continued with a GLP-1 receptor agonist?

Generally, no. Combining them does not provide additional glucose lowering beyond the GLP-1–based treatment.

What important fluid-related risks are associated with pioglitazone?

It can cause fluid retention, edema, and weight gain, and may worsen heart failure. New or worsening shortness of breath or swelling should be reported promptly.

How can a patient reduce common gastrointestinal effects when starting metformin?

Nausea and diarrhea are common, especially when treatment starts. Taking it with food and increasing the dose gradually may improve tolerance.

At what eGFR is metformin contraindicated?

Metformin is contraindicated when eGFR is below $30\ \frac{\text{mL}}{\text{min}\cdot 1.73\ \text{m}^2}$.

What nutrient deficiency can be associated with long-term metformin use?

Long-term metformin use can contribute to vitamin B12 deficiency, so monitoring may be appropriate.

How long before planned surgery should empagliflozin be withheld, when possible?

When possible, empagliflozin should be withheld for at least three days before surgery.

What symptoms may signal ketoacidosis with an SGLT2 inhibitor?

SGLT2 inhibitors can rarely cause diabetic ketoacidosis, even without markedly elevated blood glucose. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or difficulty breathing warrant prompt assessment.