08/14 Solutions and Aqueous Reactions Free Online FlashCards

What is a solution?

A solution is a homogeneous mixture. The solvent is usually present in greater amount, while the solute is dissolved in it.

What defines an electrolyte?

An electrolyte produces ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds and strong acids or bases are generally strong electrolytes.

What is a saturated solution?

A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at equilibrium under specified conditions.

What is the definition of molarity?

Molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution: M = nsolute/Vsolution. The volume is the final solution volume, not the solvent volume.

How does molality differ from molarity?

Molality is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent: m = nsolute/(kg solvent). Unlike molarity, it uses solvent mass rather than solution volume.

What equation describes a dilution?

During dilution, solvent is added without changing solute moles, so C₁V₁ = C₂V₂. Volumes must use compatible units.

How is a calibrated solution prepared?

To prepare a calibrated solution, dissolve a measured solute amount and dilute to the final volume. In a volumetric flask, align the bottom of the meniscus with the mark and mix thoroughly.

How should concentrated acid be diluted?

Concentrated acid is added to water, not water to concentrated acid, to reduce localized boiling and splattering.

What does a net ionic equation show?

A net ionic equation includes only species that undergo chemical change. For barium sulfate formation: Ba²⁺(aq) + SO₄²⁻(aq) → BaSO₄(s).

What are spectator ions?

Spectator ions remain unchanged during the reaction and appear on both sides of the complete ionic equation, so they cancel when writing the net ionic equation.

What precipitate forms from AgNO₃ and NaCl?

Mixing AgNO₃(aq) and NaCl(aq) produces AgCl(s), because AgCl is an insoluble chloride exception involving Ag⁺.

How are Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases defined?

A Brønsted–Lowry acid donates H⁺, whereas a Brønsted–Lowry base accepts H⁺. In water, the proton is associated with H₂O as H₃O⁺.