04 Ancient China and Its Political Traditions Free Online FlashCards

What makes the Shang dynasty historically significant?

The Shang dynasty ruled about 1600–1046 BCE and is the earliest Chinese dynasty confirmed by extensive archaeological evidence and written records.

How did Shang diviners seek guidance?

Diviners heated prepared ox bones or turtle shells and interpreted the resulting cracks to consult ancestors and other spiritual powers.

Why are Shang oracle-bone inscriptions important?

Oracle-bone inscriptions are among the earliest substantial examples of Chinese writing.

How did bronze production support Shang political authority?

Bronze workshops made weapons and ceremonial vessels. Control of bronze production and ritual practice reinforced the authority of the royal court and elite.

How did Zhou kings govern through regional lords?

Zhou kings granted regional lords land and authority in return for allegiance, tribute, and military support.

What made the Mandate of Heaven conditional?

The Mandate of Heaven held that Heaven granted the right to rule to a worthy house, but misrule could cause that right to be lost.

How did the Warring States period end?

The Warring States period is conventionally dated 475–221 BCE and ended when Qin conquered its rivals and unified China.

Why did Warring States rulers build more centralized governments?

Intensified warfare encouraged rulers to build centralized governments that could raise armies, collect resources, and administer larger populations.

How should a ruler lead according to Confucian thought?

Confucian thought held that rulers should lead through de, or virtue, and set a just, responsible example for those they governed.

What does li mean in Confucian thought?

Li means ritual propriety: appropriate conduct learned through inherited practices and social roles.

What does wu wei suggest about governing?

Wu wei is unforced action that avoids excessive control; in government, it suggests avoiding policies that burden people or stir needless competition.

What political priorities did Mohists promote?

Mohism emphasized impartial concern and practical benefit, opposing aggressive warfare and lavish expenditure in favor of broad human welfare.