18 Global Connections in the Early Modern Era Free Online FlashCards

Which regions became more closely connected through oceanic expansion?

From about 1450 to 1800, expanding ocean voyages connected the Americas, Africa, Europe, and Asia more closely.

What linked Indian Ocean ports before European oceanic expansion?

Indian Ocean merchants had long traded goods such as textiles, spices, and metals among ports including Calicut and Malacca.

How did Portugal seek influence over Indian Ocean trade?

Portuguese fleets seized strategic ports and used armed ships and fortified trading posts to seek influence, especially over the spice trade.

What did Vasco da Gama achieve in 1498?

Vasco da Gama reached India by sea in 1498 after Portuguese sailors rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange was the movement of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and the Eastern Hemisphere.

Give examples of crops and animals exchanged between the Americas and Europe.

Maize, potatoes, and cassava spread from the Americas; Europeans introduced crops and livestock such as wheat, sugarcane, cattle, and horses to the Americas.

How did introduced epidemic diseases affect Indigenous American communities?

Epidemic diseases brought from the Eastern Hemisphere caused devastating population losses among many Indigenous American communities, with effects varying by place.

How did American silver connect the Atlantic and Asian economies?

Silver from mines in Mexico and the Andes crossed the Atlantic to Europe and reached Asian markets through trans-Pacific trade, including the Manila galleon trade.

How did the encomienda and mita support Spanish colonial economies?

Spanish colonial authorities compelled Indigenous people to work through institutions such as the encomienda and mita.

What were major consequences of the trans-Atlantic slave trade?

European traders and their partners forcibly transported millions of Africans across the Atlantic; survivors and their descendants faced hereditary enslavement in the Americas.

What powers and advantages did chartered companies combine?

Chartered companies combined private investment with privileges granted by the state to trade and sometimes wage war or govern overseas possessions.

What did mercantilist policies aim to achieve?

Mercantilist policies aimed to increase state wealth through controlled trade, colonial resources, and favorable balances of commerce.