17 Early Modern Europe and Political Change Free Online FlashCards

What classical cultures inspired the Renaissance?

The Renaissance was a cultural movement inspired by the literature, philosophy, and art of ancient Greece and Rome.

What did Renaissance humanists study and emphasize?

Humanists studied classical languages and texts, emphasizing history, rhetoric, ethics, and human potential. Many also used classical learning to better understand Christian texts and society.

How does linear perspective create an illusion of depth?

Linear perspective makes parallel lines appear to converge at a point, creating the illusion of depth on a flat surface.

How did the printing press help Renaissance ideas spread?

The printing press helped Renaissance texts and images circulate more widely, spreading ideas beyond Italy.

What did Martin Luther challenge in 1517?

In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the sale of indulgences and other church practices.

Why did the Reformation not produce a single Protestant church?

Reform movements formed distinct traditions: Lutheranism spread in parts of central and northern Europe, Calvin’s Reformed tradition gained followers in several regions, and England established a separate church under royal authority.

What were key aims of the Council of Trent?

At the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the Catholic Church pursued internal reform and renewed its teaching.

What religious choice did the Peace of Augsburg allow rulers?

The 1555 Peace of Augsburg allowed rulers in the Holy Roman Empire to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism for their territories; it did not establish broad religious freedom.

What does absolutism describe in early modern Europe?

Absolutism describes an ideal of concentrated monarchical authority, not a uniform condition across Europe. Nobles, representative bodies, local laws, and financial limits still mattered.

How was the Dutch Republic governed?

The Dutch provinces formed a republic after revolting against Spanish rule, with government relying on provincial authorities and representatives of the provinces.

How did England’s 1688–1689 settlement change royal power?

The 1688–1689 Revolution and English Bill of Rights strengthened Parliament and limited the monarch’s ability to govern without parliamentary consent.

What visual features are associated with Mannerism?

Mannerism, associated with artists such as El Greco, often used elongated figures, unusual proportions, and expressive color.