08: Motivation, Emotion, Stress, and Health Behavior Free Online FlashCards

What is motivation?

Motivation is the set of processes that initiate, direct, and sustain goal-oriented behavior.

How do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differ?

Intrinsic motivation comes from interest, enjoyment, or personal satisfaction; extrinsic motivation is shaped by outcomes such as grades, money, praise, punishment avoidance, or approval.

What sequence does drive-reduction theory propose?

Drive-reduction theory proposes: physiological deficit → need → drive → goal-directed behavior → drive reduction.

What is self-efficacy?

Self-efficacy is the belief that one can successfully perform a particular behavior. It influences chosen goals, effort, and persistence after setbacks.

What is a key qualification about Maslow’s hierarchy?

Maslow’s hierarchy is a useful framework, not a universal fixed sequence: people may pursue love, ideals, artistic expression, or social change despite unmet lower-level needs.

What four components commonly characterize emotion?

Emotion includes subjective experience, physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and behavioral expression.

How does an emotion differ from a mood?

An emotion is usually more intense and tied to a particular event, whereas a mood can last longer without a clearly identified cause.

What is the James–Lange theory of emotion?

James–Lange theory proposes that a stimulus causes physiological arousal first, and perceiving those bodily changes produces the emotional experience.

What does the Schachter–Singer theory add to physiological arousal?

The Schachter–Singer two-factor theory proposes that emotion results from physiological arousal plus a cognitive label based on context.

What is the role of appraisal in stress?

Stress occurs when people evaluate demands as taxing or exceeding their resources; a stressor is the event or condition that prompts this response.

What is allostatic load?

Allostatic load is the cumulative physiological burden of repeated adaptation to stress. Chronic stress can disrupt sleep, immunity, cardiovascular regulation, mood, attention, and health behavior.

How do problem-focused and emotion-focused coping differ?

Problem-focused coping addresses or changes the stressor; emotion-focused coping regulates the emotional response. Effective coping may combine both approaches.