10: Personality Free Online FlashCards

What is personality?

Personality is a relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another.

What are Freud’s id, ego, and superego?

The id seeks immediate satisfaction, the ego manages demands realistically, and the superego represents internalized standards and ideals.

What is reciprocal determinism?

Reciprocal determinism is the interaction among personal factors, behavior, and situations.

What does Rogers mean by congruence?

Congruence is a match between a person’s experienced self and self-image; large discrepancies can produce distress.

What are the Big Five personality traits?

The Big Five are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

What does conscientiousness describe?

Conscientiousness concerns organization, dependability, and goal direction; lower scores often indicate greater spontaneity or less structure.

What is temperament?

Temperament refers to biologically influenced differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation that appear early in life.

What are person–environment transactions?

Person–environment transactions occur when people select, create, or change environments that then influence their development.

How do reliability and validity differ?

Reliability is the consistency of a measure, whereas validity concerns whether evidence supports the interpretation and use of its scores.

How do etic and emic approaches differ?

An etic approach tests whether concepts apply across cultures; an emic approach studies concepts arising within a particular culture.

What is self-efficacy?

Self-efficacy is a person’s belief about their ability to succeed in a particular activity.

What does heritability not imply?

Heritability describes variation within a population; it does not mean that an individual’s personality is genetically predetermined.